Monday, April 1st 2013
EDUCATION
- To complete with: cạnh tranh với ai.
à
competitor (n): người cạnh tranh, competition (n): sự (cuộc) cạnh tranh.
- How much do we need to
change? Chúng ta cần bao nhiêu để thay đổi được?
- Battle Hymm of the Tiger
Mother: Bài ca chiến đấu của Bà mẹ Hổ.
- Amy Chua: tên riêng.
- To cause a debate about sth:
tạo ra cuộc tranh luận xung quanh vấn đề gì đó.
- Culture (văn hóa) – cultural differences: sự khác biệt về văn hóa.
- Parenting: làm cha mẹ
à
to parent: làm cha mẹ
à
a parenting style: phương pháp (phong cách) làm cha mẹ / nuôi dạy con cái.
- Yale Law School in New Haven, Connecticut: Trường ĐH
luật Yale ở NH, C.
- to represent (v): đại diện, tượng trưng cho, thể
hiện cho (cái gì)
à
representation (n).
à
Văn phòng đại diện: A representative office.
- to be raised: được nuôi nấng, nuôi dưỡng.
- an immigrant (n): nhập cư à immigrate (v)
- power (n): quyền lực
- to demand excellence: đòi hỏi sự xuất chúng, xuất
sắc.
- to burn (v): đốt.
- a stuffed animal (n): thú nhồi bông.
- to insult somebody (v): lăng mạ, lăng nhục ai đó.
- to fail to meet expectations: không đáp ứng được kỳ
vọng.
à
to fail + to + verb: không làm được + verb.
- to be permitted to do sth: cho (được) phép làm việc
gì đó.
- to attend a sleepover: đi ngủ lang.
à
sleepover (v): ngủ lang.
- a play date: nhóm bạn cùng trang lứa, cùng chơi
trong nhóm.
- to criticize (v): phê bình, chỉ trích (ai)
à
criticism (n): sự phê bình.
à
critical (n): người hay phê bình.
- abusive (adj): mang tính chất lạm dụng à
abuse (n,v): quá mức, lạm dụng.
- to object to sth (v): phản đối (ai) cái gì.
- to admit (v): thừa nhận
- an extreme style (n): phương pháp cực đoan.
- to ease some pressure: làm giảm (nhẹ) áp lực.
- to rebel (v): nổi loạn à rebel (n): phiến quân,
người nổi loạn.
- to hate sb/sth (v): ghét ai / cái gì.
- to retreat: thoái lui, nhượng bộ.
- to make fun of sth: biến chuyện gì đó thành chuyện
vui.
- to have low expectations of sb: ít kỳ vọng về ai đó.
- a risk (n): nguy cơ.
- to assume strength (v): dùng quyền hành, sức mạnh.
- fragility (n): sự mềm dẻo, linh hoạt ><
strength.
- Stacy Debroff: tên riêng.
- to seek (v): tìm kiếm.
- what does it mean to be a successful parents?: Là
bậc phụ huynh thành công nghĩa là gì / Thế nào là bậc phụ huynh thành công?
- to succeed (v): thành công à success (n),
successful (adj)
- to follow an interest: theo đuổi một sở thích.
- as to do with: có liên quan đến.
- among: trong số.
Some American
parents might think their children need better educations to compete with China
and other countries. But how much do the parents themselves need to change?
A new book
called "Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother" by Amy Chua has caused a
debate about cultural differences in parenting. Ms. Chua is a professor at the
Yale Law School in New Haven, Connecticut, and the mother of two daughters. She
was raised in the American Midwest by immigrant Chinese parents.
In the
Chinese culture, the tiger represents strength and power. In her book, Ms. Chua
writes about how she demanded excellence from her daughters. For example, she
threatened to burn her daughter's stuffed animals unless she played a piece of
music perfectly. She would insult her daughters if they failed to meet her
expectations.
Ms. Chua told
NBC television that she had a clear list of what her daughters, Sophia and
Louisa, were not permitted to do.
AMY CHUA:
"Attend a sleepover, have a play date, watch TV or play computer games, be
in a school play, get any grade less than an A."
Many people
have criticized Amy Chua. Some say her parenting methods were abusive. She even
admits that her husband, who is not Chinese, sometimes objected to her
parenting style. But she says that was the way her parents raised her and her
three sisters.
Ms. Chua
makes fun of her own extreme style of parenting. She says she eased some of the
pressure after her younger daughter rebelled and shouted "I hate my life!
I hate you!"
Ms. Chua says
she decided to retreat when it seemed like there was a risk that she might lose
her daughter. But she also says American parents often have low expectations of
their children's abilities.
AMY CHUA:
"One of the biggest differences I see between Western and Chinese parents
is that Chinese parents assume strength rather than fragility."
Stacy DeBroff has written four books
on parenting.
DEBROFF: "The stirring of this intense
debate has to do with what does it mean to be a successful parent and what does
it mean to be a successful child?"
Ms. DeBroff
says Amy Chua's parenting style is not limited to Chinese families. She says it
represents a traditional way of parenting among immigrants seeking a better
future for their children.
But she also
sees a risk. When children have no time to be social or to follow their own
interests, they might not develop other skills that they need to succeed in life.
Stacey DeBroff advises parents to develop their own style of parenting and not
just repeat the way they were raised.
Tuesday, April 2sd 2013
EDUCATION
- Institute of International Education (n): Học viện
giáo dục quốc tế.
- to public a yearly report (v): xuất bản / công bố
bản báo cáo thường niên.
à
yearly = annaul.
- to attend colleges and universities (v): theo học
các trường ĐH.
- an academic year: năm học bình thường (tháng 9 –
tháng 6).
- a record high: con số / mức cao kỷ lục.
- an increase of 3 percent (n): mức tăng 3%.
à
to increase / rise / grow up by 10%: tăng thêm
10%.
à
to increase / rise / grow up to 10%: tăng lên
10%.
- It is main the result of sth: đây chính là kết quả
của điều gì đó.
- grow (v): tăng trưởng – heavy
growth: tăng trưởng mạnh.
- to pass sb (v): vượt qua ai đó.
- as the top country: nước đứng đầu.
- to send sts to a country: gởi ai đó ra nước nào đó.
- Allan Goodman: tên riêng.
- an economic crisis (n): cuộc khủng hoảng kinh tế.
- to limit growth (v): kìm hãm sự tăng trưởng.
- a report called “Open Door”: bản báo cáo có tên gọi
là “Open Door”.
- with support from sb: với sự giúp đỡ của ai đó.
- The State Department: Bộ Ngoại giao (tiếng Mỹ).
à
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (tiếng Anh).
- the previous year: năm trước đó.
- to be in second place: đứng vị trí thứ 2.
- a decrease / drop of 6 percent: sụt giảm 6%.
- the University of Southern California: ĐH (phía) Nam
California.
- the most popular field of study: ngành học phổ biến
nhất.
- an intensive English Language Program (n): Chương
trình học tiếng Anh tăng cường.
- a recession: sự đình trệ.
- cost (n): chi phí – costly
(adj): đắt đỏ.
- overwhelmingly: bao trùm.
- undergraduate level: (bậc ĐH) – graduate level: bậc sau ĐH.
- accredited colleges: các trường ĐH đã được kiểm định
(đánh giá)
- enrolment: việc tuyển sinh.
In November, the Institute of International Education in New
York published its yearly report on international students in the United States.
The report says more than six hundred ninety thousand attended American
colleges and universities during the last academic year.
That number was a record high. It was an increase of three percent from
the year before. But it was mainly the result of heavy growth from one country,
China.
China passed India as the top country sending students to the
United States.
The president of the institute, Allan Goodman, says the economic crisis could
have limited growth from other countries.
The Institute
of International Education
publishes its report called "Open Doors" with support from the State
Department. The latest report is for the academic year that ended this past
June. It says China
sent more than one hundred twenty-seven thousand students.
That was an increase of thirty percent over the previous year. India was the
top sending country for eight years. But last year it was in second place,
followed by South Korea.
Among the top sending countries, Japan showed the greatest decrease
-- a drop of fifteen percent. For a ninth year, the University
of Southern California in Los Angeles reported the
largest number of foreign students -- nearly eight thousand.
The most popular field of study for international students in the United States
is business and management, followed by engineering. But the report noted a
nine percent decrease for intensive English-language programs.
Allan Goodman says the reason may have been the recession. He says
English-language training is often the most costly part for students beginning
their studies. But Mr. Goodman pointed to an increase in another area: the
number of foreign students at the undergraduate level.
He says traditionally, study in America has been overwhelmingly at
the graduate level. He says that has changed in the past several years. There
has been almost an equal interest by families in sending students here for
undergraduate education.
He believes that is going to continue. There are four thousand accredited
colleges and universities. International students make up only about three
percent of the total enrollment. What that means, he says, is that there is a
lot of room for growth.
Thursday, April 4th 2013
PUBLIC HEALTH
(Prevention of AIDS)
- World AIDS Day: Ngày quốc tế phòng chống AIDS.
- an expert (n): chuyên gia.
à
an expert on nuclear energy: chuyên gia về năng lượng hạt nhân.
- a sign of success: dấu hiệu thành công.
- to halt the AIDS epidemic (dịch): chặn đứng lại dịch
AIDS.
à
pandemic: đại dịch.
- the number of AIDS-related deaths (n): số lượng các
ca tử vong liên quan đến AIDS.
à
A-related B: B có liên quan đến A.
- a new infection (n): ca nhiễm bệnh mới.
- to infect (v): nhiễm cho ai đó.
à
injuries: thương vong.
- Michel Sidibe: tên riêng.
- an executive director: Giám đốc điều hành.
- the joint United Nations Program known as UNAIDS:
Chương trình phối hợp của LHQ có tên gọi là UNAIDS.
- to say with confidence and conviction: nói với sự tự
tin và chắc chắn.
- to break the trajectory (n) of the AIDS pademic: bẻ
gãy đường đi của đại dịch AIDS.
- the latest UNAIDS report: bản báo cáo mới nhất của
UNAIDS.
- there has been a similar drop in the number of AIDS-related deaths: số lượng các
ca tử vong liên quan đến AIDS có sự sụt giảm tương tự.
à
a decrease/drop in sth: việc giảm về cái gì đó.
- an estimated thirty-three million people worldwide (n):
con số ước tính 33 triệu người trên thế giới.
- Africa South of the Sahara:
miền nam sa mạc Sahara Châu Phi.
- to make important progress: đạt được những tiến bộ
quan trọng.
- worldwide estimates: những con số ước lượng trên toàn
thế giới.
à
worldwide estimates show that over 3,000 peoples have become newly infected
with HIV: những con số ước tính trên thế giới cho rằng những năm vừa qua có
3.000 người nhiễm HIV.
- to become newly infected with HIV: mới nhiễm HIV.
à
to be infected with: nhiễm bệnh với.
à
The little boy was infected with cholera: thằng bé đã bị nhiễm bệnh tả.
- to die of:
chết vì căn bệnh gì.
- to die from AIDS-related sicknesses: chết vì những
bệnh có liên quan đến AIDS.
à
to die from: chết do nguyên nhân gì.
à
A-related B: B có liên quan đến A.
à
Old age-related syndroms: các căn bệnh liên quan tuổi già.
à
This year, the number of traffic-related deaths has tended to go down/decrease: Năm nay, số ca tử vong
có liên quan đến TNGT có xu hướng giảm.
- drug treatment to suppress the virus: việc điều trị
bằng thuốc nhằm ngăn chặn virus HIV.
- to expand: gia tăng, mở rộng.
- one result has been fewer babies born (trẻ sơ sinh) infected by their mothers: 1 kết
quả là ngày càng ít trẻ sơ sinh bị nhiễm HIV từ mẹ.
à
A has been B.
- UNAIDS officials: các quan chức của Chương trình
HIV/AIDS của LHQ.
- not enough in being spent for prevention: chúng ta
hiện nay không chi đủ cho công tác phòng ngừa.
- prevention efforts: những nỗ lực trong công tác
phòng chống.
- to be responsible for much of the progress: là
nguyên nhân dẫn đến phần lớn các tiến bộ.
à
to be responsible for: là nguyên nhân dẫn đến cái gì
- to follow safer practices: thói quen an toàn hơn.
- surveys find greater use of condoms: các cuộc khảo
sát dùng bao tránh thai.
- sexual partners: bạn tình à life partner (người
bạn đời).
- World Health Organization chief Margaret Chan: Giám
đốc Tổ chức Y tế thế giới Margaret Chan.
- to call this year’s AIDS report encouraging: gọi bản
báo cáo AIDS năm nay là điều đáng khích lệ.
à
call + obj + adj: gọi ai đó về cái gì.
- to be most at risk: có nguy cơ lớn nhất.
- to have the least access to services: có ít điều
kiện tiếp cận đến các dịch vụ nhất.
à
to have access to sth: có điều kiện tiếp cận cái gì đó.
- sex workers, drug users and homosexual: nghề liên
quan đến tình dục, người dùng ma túy và
người đồng tính.
- in other health news: theo các bản tin khác về y tế.
- one in every one hundred deaths: cứ 100 người chết
thì có 1 người chết
à
one in every three men smokes: cứ 3 nam giới thì có 1 người hút thuốc
- researchers: các nhà nghiên cứu.
- secondhand smoke: khói thuốc gián tiếp = passive smoking: hút thuốc thụ động.
- the journal Lancet: tạp chí Lancet.
- tobacco victims: những nạn nhân của khói thuốc lá.
Wednesday is December first, World AIDS
Day. This year, experts are reporting more signs of success in halting the AIDS
epidemic. The number of AIDS-related deaths and the number of new infections
are both decreasing.
Michel Sidibe is the executive director of
the joint United Nations program known as UNAIDS.
MICHEL SIDIBE: "Today we can say with
confidence and conviction that we have broken the trajectory of the AIDS
pandemic."
The latest UNAIDS report says new HIV
infections have fallen almost twenty percent in the last ten years. And there
has been a similar drop in the last five years in the number of AIDS-related
deaths.
An estimated thirty-three million people
worldwide were living with HIV last year. Two and a half million were children.
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS.
Africa south of the Sahara
has the most deaths and new infections. But many of those countries have made
important progress.
Worldwide estimates show that more than
two and a half million people became newly infected with HIV in two thousand
nine. At the same time, about one million eight hundred thousand people died
from AIDS-related sicknesses.
Drug treatment to suppress the virus has
expanded. One result has been fewer babies born infected by their mothers.
Still, the report says ten million people are waiting for treatment.
UNAIDS officials also say not enough is
being spent for prevention. They say prevention efforts are responsible for
much of the progress.
More and more young people say they are
following safer practices. Surveys find greater use of condoms and people in
many countries say they have fewer sexual partners.
World Health Organization chief Margaret
Chan called this year's AIDS report encouraging. But she noted that the
populations most at risk are also those who have the least access to services.
These populations include sex workers, drug users and homosexual men.
In other health news, a new study has
found that one in every one hundred deaths in the world is caused by other people
smoking.
Researchers found that more than six
hundred thousand non-smokers died in two thousand four. They say the deaths
were from diseases and infections caused by secondhand smoke, also known as
passive smoking.
The study in the journal Lancet says one
hundred sixty-five thousand of those tobacco victims were children.
Sunday, April 7th 2013
PUBLIC HEALTH
- the leading cause of disability: nguyên nhân hàng
đầu gây ra tình trạng mất khả năng việc làm / lao động.
- low and middle income countries: các quốc gia có thu
nhập thấp và trung bình.
- dementia: chứng mất trí nhớ ở người già.
- researchers: các nhà nghiên cứu.
- blindness: chứng mù lòa.
- vision problems: các vấn đề về thị giác.
- widespread: lan rộng ở mọi nơi.
- a loss (n) of intellectual ability: việc mất đi năng
lực trí tuệ.
à
lose (v).
- to affect (v): ảnh hưởng à effect (n): cái tác
động, ảnh hưởng.
- memory (n): trí nhớ à to memorize (v).
- attention (n): khả năng / việc chú ý.
- Renata Sousa: tên người.
- stroke: cơ đột quỵ.
- arthritis: bệnh khớp.
- depression: suy thoái (kinh tế), trầm cảm (người).
- gastrointestinal problems: các vấn đề về dạ dày.
- acute (adj): cấp tính.
- chronic diseases: các căn bệnh mãn tính.
- the Institute
of Psychiatry at King’s
College London: Học viện nghiên cứu về tâm thần học tên King’s College.
- the Dominican
Republic: Nước Cộng hòa Dominic.
- to get much of the attention given to chronic diseases:
nhận được nhiều sự chú ý cho các căn bệnh mãn tính.
- increases importance should be given to chronic:
chúng ta nên đặt nặng / quyết tâm nhiều hơn nữa đến các căn bệnh mãn tính.
- diseases of brain and mind = we should given increased
importance to chronic diseases of brain and mind: chúng ta nên đặt nặng
/ quyết tâm nhiều hơn nữa đến các căn bệnh mãn tính thuộc về trí não.
- as population age, societies will have to deal with more
and more cases of dementia: khi dân số già đi, xã hội sẽ phải giải quyết
với các ca mất trí nhớ nhiều hơn nữa.
- young people are
expected (to be expected: tiên đoán, ước đoán) to reach forty percent of
the total population: người ta ước tính rằng thanh niên sẽ chiếm khoảng
40% tổng dân số.
- children who were not breastfed were much more likely to
have a disability than those who were: trẻ em không được bú sữa mẹ thì
chắc chắn mất khả năng lao động hơn sau này.
à
to be likely + to-verb: chắc chắn sẽ là
điều gì/xảy ra điều gì.
à
He is more likely to succeed than her: anh ta chắc chắn sẽ thành công hơn cô
ấy.
- the same was true of those who did not receive vitamin A
supplements: điều này cũng đúng với những trẻ em không được tiếp nhận
vitamin A bổ sung.
- the Lancet medical journal: Tạp chí y học Lancet.
- to public a special issue vitamin A supplements:
công bố 1 ấn bản đặc biệt về nguồn bổ sung vitamin A.
- underweight: tình trạng thiếu cân >< overweight: thừa cân.
- to be disabled: bị tàn tật, mất khả năng.
- University of Wisconsin-Madison: Trường ĐH
Wisconsin-Madison.
- UNICEF (United Nation International Children Emergency
Fund): Quỹ nhi đồng LHQ.
A new study
says the leading cause of disability in older people in low and middle income
countries is dementia. The researchers disagree with the World Health
Organization which says blindness and other vision problems are the leading
cause.
Dementia is a
loss of intellectual ability that affects memory, learning, attention, thinking
and language skills. People with dementia may forget family members or not know
what day it is. Sometimes they become angry or sad, hear voices, or see things
that are not there.
Renata Sousa
from the Institute
of Psychiatry at King's
College London and other researchers wrote the new report. Their study looked
at the causes of disability among fifteen thousand people age sixty-five or
older in seven countries. The countries were China,
India, Cuba, the Dominican
Republic, Venezuela,
Mexico and Peru.
The team
found that dementia was the largest cause of disability in the elderly in areas
other than rural India and Venezuela.
Other major causes were stroke, loss of use of arms or legs, arthritis,
depression, eyesight problems and gastrointestinal problems.
In low and
middle income countries, heart disease and cancer get much of the attention
given to chronic diseases. The researchers say increased importance should be
given to chronic diseases of the brain and mind. As populations age, societies
will have to deal with more and more cases of dementia.
The study
says the elderly are nine percent of the total population of low and middle
income countries today. But their numbers are growing quickly. They are
expected to reach twenty percent of the total population by the middle of the
century.
The study
appeared in the Lancet medical journal which published a special issue on
disability. A separate study of eighteen low and middle income countries dealt
with children.
It found that
in almost half the countries, children who were not breastfed were much more
likely to have a disability than those who were. The same was true of those who
did not receive vitamin A supplements and those who were underweight.
Children who
did not take part in early learning activities or attend school were also more
likely to be disabled than those who did.
Researchers
at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the United States and UNICEF did the
study.
Tuesday, April 9th
2013
PUBLIC
HEALTH (BHYT cho phụ nữ nghèo ở Senegal)
- Senegal
(n): nước Sê nê gan – Senegalese (n):
người Sê nê gan.
- to receive medical coverage: nhận được các khoản chi
trả bảo hiểm.
à
to cover: bao bọc, che phủ.
- to buy insurance: mua bảo hiểm.
- to be uninsured: không đóng / tham gia bảo hiểm.
- a common story: chuyện thường xảy ra.
- to get injured or sick: bị thương / đau ốm.
à
to injure sb: làm cho ai bị thương
à
injury (n): vết thương.
- to get untreated: không được điều trị.
- the lack of health insurance: thiếu chế độ BHYT.
- to deal in the informal cash economy: tham gia buôn
bán trong nền kinh tế tiền mặt không chính thống.
- thay include what Africans call “market women”: bao
gồm người mà người dân châu Phi gọi là “những người phụ nữ chạy chợ”.
- produce (n): nông sản
à
to produce (v): sản xuất, product (n): sản phẩm, production (n): sản lượng.
- a cooperative (n): hợp tác xã à
to cooperate (v): hợp tác.
- to offer low-cost health insurance: đưa ra 1 chương
trình BHYT với chi phí thấp.
à
costly (adj): đắt đỏ
- the coverage is offered through a credit union: việc
chi trả (BH) thông qua 1 quỹ tín dụng (tổ chức tín dụng).
- part of what is called the Network of Programs for Urban
and Rural Women: 1 phần của cái gọi là Mạng lưới chương trình phụ nữ
thành thị và nông thôn.
- to pay into the insurance program: đóng tiền / tham
gia BH.
- participating health centers: các trung tâm y tế
thành viên.
à
V-ing + N.
- it does not pay for conditions
(trường hợp, chứng bệnh) that existed before a person was insured: các
chương trình này không chi trả cho các chứng bệnh có từ trước khi 1 người không
tham gia BH.
- instead, the program is meant to help poor families:
chương trình này có mục đích nhằm giúp đỡ các gia đình nghèo.
- the plan can insure as many as fifteen people in a family:
chương trình này có thể BH tới mức 15 người trong 1 gia đình.
- to get fifty percent off the cost of medicines: được
giảm 50% chi phí thuốc men.
à
a day offwork: 1 ngày không làm việc.
- pregnants: mang thai.
- public hospital and clinics: Các bệnh viện và phòng
khám công (cộng).
- Oulimatta Tigerre: tên riêng.
- a small wooden stand: quầy / sạp gỗ.
- Dakar, Senegal’s capital: Dakar, thủ đô Sê nê gan.
- to join a credit union: tham gia 1 tổ chức tín dụng.
- a family of six: gia đình 6 người.
à
a salary of three million dong: lương 3 triệu đồng.
- malaria: bệnh sốt rét = marsh fever.
- to save sb from the worry of where to get the money:
giải phóng cho ai khỏi lo lắng phải tìm tiền ở đâu.
- to save money from not having to (n/v-ing) pay hospital
bills to expand a business: tiết kiệm được khoản tiền từ việc không phải
trả các hóa đơn bệnh viện nhằm tăng kinh doanh.
à
but to have: để có, nhằm có.
- satisfied member: các thành viên hài lòng (với hiệp
hội đó).
- pooling (tồn đọng) risk: chia sẻ rủi ro.
-
to exclude the poorest: loại những người nghèo nhất ra (không cho tham gia
vào).
- “so-called” (adj)-đứng trước (n) ứng với tên gọi đó:
cái được gọi là.
In Senegal, some
people receive medical coverage from large employers. Some buy their own
insurance. But most Senegalese are uninsured, especially the poor -- a common
story across Africa and elsewhere. If they get
injured or sick, they must somehow pay the costs themselves, or go untreated.
The lack of health insurance is greatest among workers who
deal in the informal cash economy. They include what Africans call "market
women" -- women who sell produce and other food at local markets.
But a women's
cooperative in Senegal
is offering low-cost health insurance for market women. The coverage is offered
through a credit union, part of what is called the Network of Programs for
Urban and Rural Women.
More than
twenty thousand women now pay into the insurance program. It pays for care at
participating health centers. But it does not pay for conditions that existed
before a person was insured, or for cancer, heart disease or H.I.V./AIDS.
Instead, the
program is meant to help poor families deal with common health needs without
having to borrow money.
The plan can
insure as many as fifteen people in a family. Families can also get twenty-five
percent off the cost of medicines. And pregnant women can get low-cost care
through deals with several public hospitals and clinics.
Oulimatta
Tigerre is an independent businesswoman. She sells vegetables and dried fish at
a small wooden stand on a dirt road near Dakar,
Senegal's
capital. Her husband has been unemployed, and she worried that they could not
pay the family's medical bills. Then she joined the credit union. The health
insurance costs two dollars a month for her family of five.
She got sick
while she was pregnant. The program, she says, paid all her hospital bills. And
when her children get malaria, the insurance pays their bills. "This
program is very important," she says, "because it saves us from the
worry of where to get the money to pay the doctor."
Oulimatta
Tigerre has used some of the money she saved from not having to pay hospital
bills to expand her business.
But to have
such satisfied members, experts say, a health insurance cooperative needs a
large group of people. This is known as pooling risk. If the group is small,
each member has to pay more, and that would exclude the poorest.
Thursday, April 11th
2013
ECONOMY
- the latest Global Hunger Index report: bản báo cáo
mới nhất về chỉ số nghèo toàn cầu.
à
indicator: chỉ số (trừu tượng) vấn đề gì (bình đẳng, nam nữ,…).
- to top two billions: đạt đỉnh 2 tỷ.
- hunger rates: tỷ lệ đói nghèo.
- to fall fast enough to meet United Nations goals:
giảm đủ nhanh nhằm đạt được các mục tiêu của LHQ.
- the Millennium Development Goals (MDG): các mục tiêu
phát triển thiên niên kỷ.
- Caroline Hurford at the U.N. World Food Program:
- reduction in hunger rates: việc giảm tỷ lệ đói nghèo
= to reduce the hunger rates: giảm thiểu tỷ lệ đói nghèo.
- to slow (v): làm chậm lại, giảm đi.
- there has been a slight dropping off in the number of
hungry people: số lượng người đói nghèo đã giảm nhẹ = the number of
hungry people has dropped off slightly.
- a financial crisis: khủng hoảng tài chính.
- very high food prices: giá lương thực rất cao.
- high fuel prices: giá nhiên liệu tăng cao.
- to knock everything off track: làm cho mọi thứ đảo
lộn.
- climate change has come in: việc biến đổi khí hậu đã
xảy ra.
- that’s (has) made it more difficult to grow food:
điều ấy đã làm cho việc nuôi trồng lương thực khó khăn hơn.
à
V + it + adj + to verb.
- to be prepared by private organizations based in Germany:
được soạn thảo bởi các tổ chức cá nhân có trụ sở tại Đức.
à
to be based in.
- to have levels of hunger that are considered alarming:
có mức độ/đương đầu với đói nghèo
đang được coi ở mức báo động.
- the biggest increases were found in the Democratic Republic
of Congo: Công hòa dân chủ Côngô cho thấy sự gia tăng lớn nhất.
- conflict and political insecurity: tình trạng xung
đột và mất an ninh về chính trị.
- conflict is a huge problem as far as the actual growing of
produce and crops is concerned: xung đột là vấn đề lớn khi bàn tới việc
nuôi trồng các loại nông sản và mùa màng.
à
S1 – V1 as far as S2 is concerned: mệnh đề 1 (S1-V1) diễn ra khi có liên quan
đến S2.
à
I don’t like that job as far as salary is concerned: CV đó không là CV tôi
thích khi bàn về vấn đề lương bổng.
- people can’t necessarily tend their fields if they are
always being chased away by armed rebels: người dân không thể coi sóc
đồng mình nếu như họ luôn bị phiến quân có vũ trang truy đuổi.
- the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization: Tổ chức
nông lương LHQ.
- the World Food Program: Chương trình lương thực thế
giới.
- new policies are needed to deal with these long-term crises:
chúng ta cần có những chính sách mới nhằm đối phó với những khủng hoảng lâu dài
= we need new policies to deal with these long-term crises.
à
to deal with: đối phó với, giải quyết.
- Peter Smerdon at the World Food Program.
- emergency aid must include development assistance:
nguồn viện trợ khẩn cấp phải bao gồm viện trợ phát triển.
- you have to do both development and emergency assistance to
keep people alive reverse the situation: chúng ta phải thực hiện cả viện
trợ khẩn cấp và viện trợ phát triển nhằm cứu sống người dân để đảo ngược tình
hình.
- otherwise, you’re just going to be stuck in a protracted crisis (cuộc khủng hoảng kéo dài): nếu không,
chúng ta sẽ bị (dính chặt) sa lầy vào cuộc khủng hoảng kéo dài. à
stick–stuck (dính chặt vào).
- to have to keep trying to put out the fire: cứ phải
mãi cố gắng khi dập lửa.
- you’re not actually changing the structure of the crisis at
all: chúng ta sẽ không thực sự thay đổi cái gốc của cuộc khủng hoảng.
- the report were released ahead of World Food Day this past
Saturday: bản báo cáo này được công bố trước ngày Lương thực thế giới
vào thứ 7 tuần qua.
The latest
Global Hunger Index report says the number of hungry people worldwide has
fallen twenty-five percent since nineteen ninety.
Last year the
estimate topped one billion for the first time. But this year's report says the
number of people not getting enough to eat has fallen to nine hundred twenty-five
million.
Still, many
experts worry that hunger rates are not falling fast enough to meet United
Nations goals. One of the first of the Millennium Development Goals is to
reduce the hunger rate by fifty percent between nineteen ninety and twenty fifteen.
Caroline
Hurford at the U.N. World Food Program says the reduction in hunger rates has
slowed in recent years.
CAROLINE
HURFORD: "There has been a slight dropping off in the number of hungry
people in the late nineteen nineties. But then it rose again, of course, during
the financial crisis of two thousand seven-two thousand eight. And then the
very high food prices, together with the high fuel prices, really knocked
everything off track again. And then, of course, climate change has come in and
that's made it more difficult to grow food."
The Global
Hunger Index is prepared by three private organizations based in Germany, the
United States and Ireland. The latest report says twenty-nine countries have
levels of hunger that are considered "alarming."
The biggest
increases were found in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The report says
hunger has risen by more than sixty-five percent since nineteen ninety because
of conflict and political insecurity.
And Caroline
Hurford says Congo is not alone.
CAROLINE
HURFORD: "Clearly conflict is a huge problem as far as the actual growing
of produce and crops is concerned. People can't necessarily tend their fields
if they are always being chased away by armed rebels."
A separate
report says twenty-two countries have suffered from a hunger and food crisis
for at least eight years. Twenty percent of the world's hungry live in these
countries, most of which are in Africa.
That report
is from the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Food Program.
They say new policies are needed to deal with these long-term crises. Peter
Smerdon at the World Food Program says emergency aid must include development
assistance.
PETER
SMERDON: "You have to do both things. You have to do both development and
emergency assistance to keep people alive to reverse the situation. Otherwise,
you're just going to be stuck in a protracted crisis, and have to keep trying
to put out the fire. But you're not actually changing the structure of the
crisis at all."
Both reports
were released ahead of World Food Day this past Saturday.
Friday, April 12th
2013
PUBLIC
HEALTH
- the death rate for children under the age of five: tỷ lệ tử vong ở TE<5T.
- experts credit the drop to improvements in public health
measures: các chuyên gia cho rằng việc giảm tỷ
lệ tử vong có được là nhờ các phương pháp cải thiện sức khỏe cộng đồng.
- vaccination campaign: tiêm
phòng vaccin à to vaccinate (v).
- bed nets chemically treated to kill mosquitoes: màng đã qua xử lý = thuốc HH nhằm diệt muỗi.
- to spread malanas: làm lây
lan bệnh sốt rét.
- Brian Hansford.
- the United Nations Children’s Fund.
- more work remains: còn
nhiều việc cần phải làm.
- the rate of deaths of children under 5 year of age: tỷ lệ tử vong của TE<5T.
- to decline (suy sụp): giảm
xuống.
- the absolute number of child deaths declined to an
estimated 6-point-5 million from 10-point-9 million: con số tử vong chính xác ở TE giảm từ 10,9 triệu xuống 6,5
triệu.
à A decline to B from C: A
giảm xuống B từ C.
- compared to nineteen ninety, five hundred fewer children
are dying each day: khi so 1990, bây giờ số TE
tử vong đã ít hơn 500 mỗi ngày.
- an annual death total of 4-point-6 million is still a
tragedy: tổng số 4,6 triệu ca tử vong hàng năm
vẫn là một thảm kịch à tragic (adj): thảm kịch.
- there’s still much to do:
còn nhiều việc phải làm.
- to reduce the under 6 death rate by two-fifth by 2 thousand
seventeen: giảm 2/5 tỷ lệ tử vong TE<6T đến
năm 2017.
- Malawi.
- there were 3 hundred 37 deaths for every one thousand live borths: cứ 1.000 ca sinh thành công có tới 337 ca tử vong.
- UNICEF spokesman Brian Hamford: người phát ngôn của tổ chức UNICEF Brian Hamford.
- pneumonia (viêm phổi) and diarrhea (tiêu chảy) remain the
world’s 2 greatest killers of young children:
viêm phổi và tiêu chảy vẫn là 2 tác nhân lớn nhất gây tử vong ở trẻ em.
- young people aged 9 to 22:
thanh thiếu niên ở độ tuổi 9 – 12.
- Professor George Patton at Royal Children Hospital in
Melbourne, Australia: Giáo sư George Patton
tại bệnh viện nhi Hoàng gia.
- a lead author: tác giả
chính.
- sub-Saharan Africa: vùng
hạ sa mạc Sahara.
- they’re around 6 times higher than that:
- 3 percents of all the deaths were blamedon road injuries: 3% số ca tử vong là do thương tích TNGT.
à A blame B on C: A cho rằng
B xảy ra là do C.
- suicide and voilence: tình
trạng tự tử và bạo lực.
- in the top ten causes were infections, including
uberculosis and HIV/AIDS, as well as drowning and fire-related deaths: trong số 10 nguyên nhân hàng đầu là các căn bệnh viêm
nhiễm trong đó có bệnh lao, HIV/AIDS cũng như 1 số nguyên nhân khác như chết
đuối và các ca tử vong có liên quan đến hỏa hoạn.
- A credit B to C: A cho
rằng B có được là nhờ C.
à He credited our success to
the whole community’s effort: ông ấy cho rằng thành công của chúng ta là nhờ sự
nỗ lực của cộng đồng.
UNICEF says
the death rate for children under the age of five has fallen twenty-eight
percent since nineteen ninety. Experts credit the drop to improvements in
public health measures. These include vaccination campaigns and the use of bed
nets chemically treated to kill mosquitoes that spread malaria.
Still, Brian Hansford at the United
Nations Children's Fund says more work remains.
BRIAN
HANSFORD: "Certainly the good news is that the rate of deaths of children
under five years of age continued to decline in two thousand eight. The
absolute number of child deaths declined to an estimated eight-point-eight
million from twelve-point-five million in nineteen ninety. Compared to nineteen
ninety, ten thousand fewer children are dying each day. The bad news is that an
annual death total of eight-point-eight million is still a tragedy, and so
there's still much to do."
One of the
U.N. Millennium Development Goals is to reduce the under-five death rate by
two-thirds by two thousand fifteen. One country that could reach this goal is
Malawi. In nineteen ninety, there were two hundred twenty-five deaths for every
one thousand live births. The estimate for last year was one hundred deaths.
UNICEF
spokesman Brian Hansford says pneumonia and diarrhea remain the world's two
greatest killers of young children. Ninety-three percent of the deaths happen
in Africa and Asia.
A separate
new study looked at deaths worldwide in young people age ten to twenty-four. It
found that ninety-seven percent happen in low and middle income countries. And
two out of every five are the result of injuries and violence.
Professor
George Patton at Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne, Australia, was the
lead author.
GEORGE
PATTON: "In high income countries such as the United States, the U.K. and
Australia, death rates are around forty-five per hundred thousand per year. In
sub-Saharan Africa we have the highest death rates in the world, and they are
around seven times higher than that."
The study
found that worldwide, more than two and a half million people age ten to
twenty-four died in two thousand four. Nearly two-thirds were in sub-Saharan
Africa and Southeast Asia.
Conditions
related to pregnancy and childbirth were a leading cause of deaths in females. But
for both sexes combined, the leading killer in this age group was traffic
accidents. Ten percent of all the deaths were blamed on road injuries.
Next came
suicide and violence. Also in the top ten causes were infections, including
tuberculosis and H.I.V./AIDS, as well as drowning and fire-related deaths. The
study appears in the journal The Lancet.
Monday, April 15th
2013
EDUCATION
- Kenya.
- to establish a program: xây dựng một chương trình.
- public school: trường công.
- crowded slums of Nairobi: khu nhà ổ chuột đông đúc ở
Nairobi.
- to attend what are known as non-formal or informal schools:
theo học các ngôi trường được biết đến dưới tên gọi chưa đạt chuẩn hoặc phi
chính quy.
- communities: các cộng đồng.
- religious groups: các nhóm tôn giáo.
- teach – taught – taught.
- the national curriculum: chương trình giảng dạy của
quốc gia.
- to operate largely with limited resources: hoạt động
dựa trên nguồn lực eo hẹp / hạn chế.
- trained teachers: giáo viên qua đào tạo.
- education activisis: các nhà hoạt động giáo dục.
- to inspect the teaching quality: thanh tra chất
lượng dạy học.
- lesson notes: tập bài giảng.
- examination records: hồ sơ lưu bài thi.
- presence of sth (n): sự hiện diện của điều gì.
- Susan Munuhe: tên người.
- to receive money for materials: nhận các nguồn tiền
để mua sắm đồ dùng để học.
- Mathari: địa danh.
- Diana Atieno Tujuh: tên người.
- to volunteer as a teacher (v): tình nguyện làm việc
như giáo viên.
- the Saint Christine’s Community Center in Kibera slum:
TTVH cộng đồng Saint Christine tại khu nhà ổ chuột Kibera.
- the mid-day meal they are served might be only meal all
day: bữa ăn xế mà chúng được phục vụ có lẽ là bữa ăn duy nhất trong
ngày.
- to discourage informal schools: hạn chế các trường
không đạt chuẩn.
à
incourage: khuyến khích.
- Alfred Mutua.
- to reject a child from a public school: không nhận 1
trẻ vào trường công.
In two thousand three,
the government of Kenya
established a program of free primary education for all children. But there are
not enough public schools for all the children who live in the crowded slums of
Nairobi.
Children attend classes
at a slum school in Nairobi, Kenya
Instead, some of these
children attend what are known as non-formal or informal schools. These are
supported by communities, religious groups and other organizations.
Informal schools use the
national curriculum taught in public schools. But they operate largely with
limited resources and without trained teachers. Education activists say the
Ministry of Education rarely inspects their teaching quality, lesson notes or
examination records.
They say the presence of
informal schools means that Kenya
has two levels of education: One for children from the slums, another for
children from better conditions.
Activists say Kenya has at
least one thousand six hundred of these non-formal schools. Susan Munuhe is an
Education Ministry official. She says only about two hundred informal schools
across the country receive money for materials under the free primary education
program.
She says one slum in Nairobi, Mathari, has
only about three public primary schools nearby. These can serve two thousand
children at most. But she says the Mathari slum alone has more than three
hundred thousand children of school age.
Diana Atieno Tujuh
volunteers as a teacher at the Saint Christine's Community Center in the Kibera
slum, one of the largest in Africa. She says
the government has provided books for her school only one time during the past
few years. Many parents do not have the money to buy books, so sometimes the
teachers pay for them.
She says many students
are sleepy and unable to pay attention in class because there is not enough
food for them at home. For the children at Saint Christine's, the mid-day meal
they are served might be their only meal all day.
A government spokesman
says the government is trying to discourage informal schools. Alfred Mutua says
every child in Kenya
has the ability to get the same education. The government, he says, has never
rejected a child from a public school. He also says the government is building
more schools, but it will take time.
Tuesday, April 16th 2013
ECONOMY
- to appeal for one billion dollars in aid: kêu gọi
quyên góp 1 tỷ đô la hàng cứu trợ.
- to release a “Humanitarian Action Report” for two thousand
ten: bản báo cáo hoạt động nhân đạo trong năm 2010.
- to list the countries and territories with pressing crises
affecting women and children: liệt kê những quốc gia và vùng lãnh thổ
đang có cuộc khủng hoảng nghiêm trọng ảnh hưởng đến phụ nữ &TE.
- Haiti was considered to be in crisis: Haiti hiện nay
đang nằm trong cuộc khủng hoảng.
- an earthquake/quake: động đất.
- the deputy execute director of UNICEF, Hilde Johnson:
PGĐ điều hành quỹ UNICEF ông Hilde Johnson.
- to make the need for aid more immediate: làm cho nhu
cầu cứu trợ ngay lập tức.
à
to make + Obj + Complement: làm cho cái gì (ai đó) như thế nào/trở thành cái gì
đó.
- to have the right to the same assistance as children
everywhere else: có quyền được sự trợ giúp như bất kỳ TE ở nơi nào.
à
to have + n + sth.
- to discuss several issues that UNICEF says increasingly
threaten the basic rights of women and children: thảo luận nhiều vấn đề
mà UNICEF nói hiện nay đang đe dọa rất nhiều đến các quyền cơ bản của phụ nữ và
TE.
- droughts and food insecurity: hạn hán và tình trạng
mất an ninh lương thực.
- to add to poverty and malnutrition: làm trầm trọng
thêm nạn đói và trình trạng suy dinh dưỡng.
- armed conflict: xung đột vũ trang.
- to be the most affected by conflicts and disasters:
bị ảnh hưởng nhiều nhất bởi xung đột và thảm họa.
- to face and increased risk of abuse: đối diện với
nguy cơ bị lạm dụng ngày càng nhiều (tăng)
- serious rights violations: vi phạm nghiêm trọng về
quyền lợi (ai đó).
à
to violate (v): vi phạm.
- to deal with emergencies: đối phó/giải quyết các
tình huống khẩn cấp.
- civil unrest: tình trạng bạo động trong nước.
- displacements of people: sơ tán, di cư.
- Sudan, Chad, the Democractic Republic of Congo and the
Central African Republic: Sudan, Chad, Cộng hòa dân chủ Côngô và Cộng
hòa Trung Phi.
- to double: tăng gấp đôi.
- this is partly the result of adding Pakistan and the
Philippines to the latest report: đây là 1 phần kết quả của việc đưa
Pakistan và Philipin vào trong bản báo cáo mới nhất.
- to be forced from their homes: bị ép buộc phải rời
khỏi nhà cửa.
- the Swat Valley: thung lũng Swat.
- to live in shelters after severe storms: sống tạm bợ
sau các cơn bão khủng khiếp.
- the value of public and private partnerships (n):
giá trị về quan hệ đối tác giữa các cơ quan Nhà nước và tư nhân.
UNICEF is appealing for more than one billion dollars in aid
for women and children around the world. The United Nations Children's Fund has
released its "Humanitarian Action Report" for two thousand ten. The
report lists twenty-eight countries and territories with some of the world's
most pressing crises affecting women and children.
Haiti was considered to be in crisis long before the
earthquake in January. The deputy executive director of UNICEF, Hilde Johnson,
says the quake has only made the need for aid more immediate. But she says
children all over the world have the right to the same assistance as children
everywhere else.
The "Humanitarian Action Report" discusses several
issues that UNICEF says increasingly threaten the basic rights of women and
children. It says climate change has caused droughts and food insecurity in
many areas. High food prices and the global financial crisis of two thousand
eight-two thousand nine have only added to poverty and malnutrition. And armed
conflict continues to threaten the lives of millions.
Hilde Johnson says children are always the most affected by
conflicts and disasters. They face an increased risk of abuse, including sexual
violence and other serious rights violations.
UNICEF deals with about two hundred emergencies around the
world every year. The greatest need last year was in sub-Saharan Africa. The
report says drought, food insecurity and civil unrest affected about
twenty-four million people.
Violence and displacements of people were especially bad in
Sudan, Chad, the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Central African Republic.
In Asia, UNICEF expects its financial assistance needs to
more than double this year. This is partly the result of adding Pakistan and
the Philippines to the latest report. In Pakistan, it says, more than two
million people have been forced from their homes by the conflict in the Swat
Valley and other areas of the northwest. And in the Philippines, more than two
hundred thousand people are still living in shelters after severe storms last
year.
This year's UNICEF report talks about the value of public and
private partnerships in helping children and families in emergencies.
Wednesday, April 17th
2013
PUBLIC HEALTH
- World Health Organization: Tổ chức Y tế thế giới.
- alcohol abuse: lạm dụng đồ uống có cồn.
- the harmful use of alcohol: việc sử dụng đầy tác hại
các đồ uống có cồn.
- disability: tình trạng mất khả năng.
- action is need to + verd: chúng ta cần hành động để
làm gì đó.
- Global Status Report on Alcohol Health: bản báo cáo
toàn cầu về đồ uống có cồn và tình trạng sức khỏe.
- to show sb at risk: cho thấy ai đó đang nằm trong
nhóm có nguy cơ.
- people of the ages between A and B: người ở độ tuổi
từ A đến B.
- Shekhar Saxena.
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse: Bộ
phận nghiên cứu sức khỏe tâm thần và việc nghiên cứu các chất gây nghiện.
- to be responsible for sth: chịu trách nhiệm việc gì
đó / là nguyên nhân dẫn đến chuyện gì đó.
- health services: các dịch vụ y tế.
- male deaths: các ca tử vong nam.
- one in five men dies: cứ 5 nam giới thì có 1 tử vong
do.
- the Russian Federation: Liên bang Nga.
- heart and blood system disease: bệnh liên quan đến
hệ tim mạch.
- cirrhosis of the liver: sơ gan.
- to be dependent on sth: phụ thuộc vào cái gì.
- to live ten years less than sb: giảm tuổi thọ hơn ai
đó 10 năm.
- on average: tính trung bình.
- to raise tax on sth: nâng mức thuế áp vào món hàng
gì đó.
- to raise the drinking age: nâng độ tuổi được phép
uống rượu.
- to take measures: áp dụng các biện pháp.
- effective drunk-driving laws: các đạo luật chống say
rượu khi lái xe.
- to baned alcohol advertising: bãi bỏ / cấm quảng cáo
rượu bia.
à
to ban + V-ing: cấm gì đó.
- The World Health Organization said alcohol abuse is third
leading cause: Tổ chức Y tế thế giới cho rằng lạm dụng đồ uống có cồn là
nguyên nhân hàng thứ 3.
- in some parts of world: 1 vài vùng trên thế giới.
- A is one: A là 1 nguyên nhân.
- B are the others: B là những nguyên nhân khác.
- majority of people: đa phần người dân.
- at all: tí nào, chút nào.
The World Health Organization says alcohol abuse is the third
leading cause of death and disability in the world. A new WHO report says the
harmful use of alcohol kills two and one-half million people a year. And
officials say action is needed to reduce the problem.
The WHO released the “Global Status Report on Alcohol and
Health 2011” last week. The report shows young people at risk. It says three
hundred twenty thousand people between the ages of fifteen and twenty-nine die
yearly from alcohol-related causes. That is nine percent of all deaths in that
age group.
Shekhar
Saxena is director of the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse at
the World Health Organization. He says alcohol is responsible for one-third of
the deaths among young people in some parts of the world.
SHEHAR SAXENA: “Consumption and harmful effects of alcohol
are increasing in developing countries, particularly in Africa and Asia, which
have less powerful regulations and which have less health services available.”
The
World Health Organization report finds that six percent of all male deaths
worldwide are related to alcohol. This is true in only one percent of female
deaths. The report says one in five men die from alcohol-related causes in the
Russian Federation and neighboring countries.
There are four main causes of alcohol-related death. Injury
from car accidents or violence is one. Diseases like cirrhosis of the liver,
cancer, heart and blood system diseases are the others. The WHO report says
alcohol abuse also adds to the development of two hundred other diseases.
However,
the majority of people in the world are not alcohol drinkers. The report says
in two thousand five, almost half of men and two-thirds of women did not drink
alcohol at all.
Dr. Saxena says people who are dependent on alcohol live ten
years less on average than those who do not have the problem.
SHEHAR SAXENA: “I think a large proportion of what we are
talking about in the two point five million deaths are in the age groups of
people who should not die at that age. So, these are premature deaths. The
majority of deaths is below the age of sixty, actually.”
The WHO has a plan to reduce the harmful use of alcohol. It
includes raising taxes on alcohol, reducing the number of places to buy alcohol
and raising the drinking age. Officials say other measures include effective
drunk driving laws and banning some alcohol advertising.
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