Writing 1

WRITING 1 – SENTENCE STRUCTURE
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I. Complete the sentences with a dependent or independent clause.
II. Write as directed:
Topic: English
1. A compound sentences using “therefore”.
2. A complex sentence.

CLAUSE
1. Independent clause: contains a subject and a verb and express a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence by itselt.
Subject + verb (+ complement)
Ex: My father come here
S V
2. Dependent clause: begins with a subordinator such as when, while, if, that or who, does not express a complete thought, and can’t stand alone as a sentence by itselt.
Subordinator + subject + verb (+ complement)
Ex: When my father come here
Sub S V
3. Clause connectors: Subordinator, coordinators, and conjunctive adverbs.
- Subordinator: after, although, as, as if, as soon as, because, before, even though, how, if, since, so that, that, though, unless, until, what, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, which, while, who, whom, whose.
- Coordinators: FAN BOYS
for and nor but or yet so
- Conjunctive adverbs: accordingly, beside, consequently, for example, furthermore, hence, however, in addition, in contrast, indeed, instead, like wise, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, none theless, on the other hand, otherwise, therefore, thus.
Practice 1: Write INDEP next to the independent clauses and put a period (.) after them. Write DEP next to the dependent clauses.
I 1. Jet lag affects most long-distance travelers.
D 2. Which is simply the urge to sleep at inappropriate times.
I 3. During journeys through serveral time zones, the body’s inner clock is disrupted.
I 4. For some reason, travel from west to east causes greater jet lag than travel from east to west.
I 5. Also, changes in work schedules can cause jet lag.
D 6. When hospital nurses change from a day shift to a night shift, for example.
D 7. Although, there is no sure way to prevent jet lag.
I 8. There are some ways to minimize it.
D 9. Because jet lag is caused at least partially by loss of sleep, not just a change in the time of sleep.
I 10. A traveler should plan to arrive at his or her destination as late as possible.
I 11. Upon arriving, he or she should immediately go to bed.
I 12. Then he traveler should start to live in the new time frame immediately.
TYPES OF SENTENCES
1. Simple sentence: contain 1 independent clause.
My father went there late
S V
My father and my brother went there late
S1 Compound S2 V
My father went there late and found nowhere to stay.
S V1 V2
My father and my brother went there late and saw nobody.
S1 S2 V1 S2
Practice 2:
1. Write two simple sentences with one subject and one verb.
- QN sea is very beautiful.
- QN people is very friendly.
- QN has a long beach.
- QN city is a beautiful sea.
2. Write two simple sentences with one subject and two verb.
- QN people is friendly and is warn.
- The traffic don’t jam and accident.
- Tourists can visit and take photographs at QN beach.
- Travellers can go swimming and go hiking in Ham Ho Tourist Area.
- In QN city, the streets were clean 15 years ago but are dirty at the moment.
3. Write two simple sentences with two subject and two verb.
- QN people and their family usually have some seafood at some food stalls and drink coconut water near by QN beach.
- Upon arriving at QN, you and your friends can walk along the beach and swim in the warm water.
2. Compound sentences: is two or more independent clauses joined together. There are three ways to join the clauses.
* With coordinators:

Independent clause, + coordinator + independent clause
Ex: Grammar is easy, so I learned it quickly.

Practice 3: Add another independent clause to the following independent clauses to form compound sentences. Be sure to write a complete clause containing a subject and a verb. Circle the coordinator and add punctuation.
1. Students can attend day classes, and they can relax at night.
2. Students can live in dormitories, or they can live in the apartment.
3. I have finished my math homework, but I’m not sure about it.
4. I have studied English for 6 years, yet I can’t write an English essay.
5. My adviser suggested a word processing class, for my typing skill was not good.
6. Some students do not like to write term papers, nor do they computer want to take the final test (oral test).
7. The instructor gave us eight weeks to write our term papers, yet we haven’t finished them.
8. Most students had not even chosen a topic, nor had they prepared anything for term papers.
9. The instructor was very upset, for the student’s result of the test wasn’t good.
10. My roommate scored very high on the English placement test, so she was very happy.
For each pair of sentences below, choose a coordinator that best first the meaning, and join the two independent clauses to form a compound sentence. Use each FAN BOYS coordinator once. Write your new sentences on a separate sheet of paper, and punctuate (chấm câu) correctly.
On a separate sheet of paper, write seven compound sentences of your own, using each coordinator one.
FAN BOYS = for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
1. In QN city, the weather is hotter and hotter, for the global warming is increasing.
2. In QN city, the pollution is going to increase, for the vehicles are more and more crowded.
3. QN people usually have some seafood at some food stalls, and they drink coconut water near by QN beach.
4. QN city is beautiful, and the weather is comfortable.
5. In QN city, the weather is not very hot, nor is very cold.
6. Not many traffic jams happen in QN, nor do the traffic accidents increase.
7. People in QN isn’t crowed, nor is the tendency of moving from countrysides to the city high.
8. QN is small, but there are many nice beaches here.
9. The local government must protect the historial vestiges in QN city, or they will be damaged.
10. In QN city, the street don’t jam, yet people’ awareness for traffic law do not high.
11. QN city has clean air, yet its weather is very hot at the moment.
12. QN city has a long beautiful beach, yet it has a lot of dangers.
13. QN people live on fishing, so their standard of living is not high.
14. Qn city has many beautiful landscapes, so a lot of foreign tourists like to visit here.
15. In QN city, there are a lot interesting places, so you and your family should visit them.
* With conjunctive adverbs:
Independent clause; + conjunctive adverbs, + independent clause
Ex: Grammar is easy; therefore, I learned it quickly
Coordinator Conjunctive
and beside at
furthermore
moreover
also

but however
yet nevertheless
nonetheless

or otherwise: nếu không thì

so accordingly
consequently
hence
therefore
thus
Practice 4: Add another independent clause to the following independent clauses to form compound sentences. Be sure to add a complete clause containing a subject and a verb. Circle the conjunctive adverb and add punctuation. Notice that some of these sentences are from Practice 3.
1. Students can attend day classes; moreover, they can relax at night. (= ,and)
2. Students can live in dormitories; otherwise, they can live in the apartment. (= ,or)
3. I have finished my math homework; however, I’m not sure about it. (= , but)
4. I have studied English for 6 years; nevertheless, I can’t write an English essay. (= , yet)
5. The instructor gave us eight weeks to write our term papers; nonetheless, we haven’t finished them. (=, yet)
6. My roommate scored very high on the English placement test; consequently, she was very happy. (= , so)
On a separate sheet of paper, write four compound sentences, using each of these conjunctive adverb once: futhermore, however, therefore, and otherwise.
1. The English people love animals so much; futhermore, they like living in the countryside and gardening. (and)
2. It’s difficult to learn English; however I have tried my best. (yet, but)
3. Many people all over the world have studied English very hard; however, not many of them can speak it fluently.
4. English plays an important role in many fields in the world; therefore, more and more people study it. (so)
5. Nowadays, English become popular in the world; therefore, learning English is necessary for everybody.
6. To be good at English, you must do many English exercise; otherwise, you should have frequent communication with foreigners. (nor)
7. We should learn English; otherwise, we can’t communicate with foreign people.
* With semicolons:
Independent clause; independent clause
Ex: Grammar is easy; I learned it quickly
Practice 5. Place a semicolon between the two independent clauses in the following compound sentences.
1. The American way of life apparently does not foster marital happiness half of all American marriges end in divorce.
 The American way of life apparently does not foster marital happiness; half of all American marriges end in divorce
2. Motherhood (Vai trò làm mẹ) causes some women to quit their jobs others continue working despite having young children to care for.
 Motherhood causes some women to quit their jobs; others continue working despite having young children to care for.
3. Three hundred guests attended his wedding two attended his funeral (đám tang).
 Three hundred guests attended his wedding; two attended his funeral.
Write 3 compoung sentences of your own, using a semicolon to join the independent clauses.
1. Students must study English more frequentle; most of them don’t speak English fluently.
2. English is an international language; it’s use as a access to world scholarship and world trade.
3. Complex sentences: contains 1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clause.
- The country whose industry develops can bring its citizens high standard of living.
Sub: whose.
Ind cl: The country can bring its citizens high standard of living.
Dep cl: whose industry develops.
- I tried my best to understand what happened to my family.
Sub: what.
Ind cl: I tried my best to understand.
Dep cl: what happened to my family.
- Althogh people are aware of bad effects pollution, many of them are still destroying the living environment.
Sub: Althogh
Ind cl: many of them are still destroying the living environment.
Dep cl: Althogh people are aware of bad effects pollution
Practice 7: STEP1. Underline the independent clause of each sentence with a solid line.
STEP 2. Underline the dependent clause with a broken line.
STEP 3: Write SUB above the subordinator.
1. When students from other countries come to the United State, they often suffer from culture shock.
2. Because the cost of education has risen, many students are having financial problems.
3. Please tell me where the student union is.
4. Engineers, who have an aptitude for drafting and mechanics, must also be artistic and imaginative.
5. While the contractor follows the blueprint, the engineer checks the construction in progress.
6. Since the blueprint presents the details of the engineer’s plans, it must be interpreted accurately by the contractor.
7. Students should declare a major by their junior year unless they have not made up their minds.
8. Even though students declare a major now, they can change it later.
9. Last year, the government reported that drug use is increasing.
10. Doctors are concerned about drug use by young people, who think that smoking marijuana is risk-free. (không nguy hiểm)
Dependent clause: - Adjective clause (Relatives clause).
Ex: One of my favorite films is Like Water for Chocolate, which is in Spanish
- Noun clause.
Ex: She doesn’t agree that grammar is easy.
- Adverbal clause (MĐ trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ).
Ex: Because grammar is easy, I learned it quickly.
I learned grammar quickly because it is easy.
STEP 1. Add a logical independent clause to each of the following dependent clauses.
STEP 2. Punctuate each sentence correctly.
1. I’m not allowed to take the final test until I pay my tuition.
2. I will fail in my English examination unless I take twelve units.
3. We know that computer engineering is a popular major.
4. She’s talking to Peter who is chair of the Communications Department.
5. Because I had to look for a part-time job, so I had little time for my studying.
6. I should get up early if I want to get to school on time.
7. I don’t know whether I should take advanced calculus. (liệu tôi có nên tham gia lớp toán CC).
8. This is my new friend, Hoa, whom I met at the social club meeting last month.
9. I missed my family very much when I left my country.
10. I have to study hard to get the scholarship that (mà) my college adviser recommends.
4. Compound – Complex sentences: contain at least 1 dependent clause, and 2 or more independent clauses.
Ex: Because grammar is easy, I learned it quickly, but it took me several years to master writing.
1. I wanted to travel after I graduated from colledge; however, I had to go to work immediately.
2. After I graduated from colledge, I wanted to travel, but I had to go to work immediately.
3. I wanted to travel after I graduated from colledge, but I had to go to work immediately.
4. I couldn’t decide where I should work or what I should do, so I did nothing.
Practice 8: Punctuate these compound-complex sentences
STEP 1. Underline the independent clauses with a solid line and the dependent clauses with a broken line.
STEP 2. Add commas and/or semicolons as necessary
1. If housework and childcare are included women work more house per week than men very place in the world expect North America and Australia but they also earn less than men everywhere.
 If housework and childcare are included, women work more house per week than men very place in the world expect North America and Australia, but they also earn less than men everywhere.
Dep cl: If housework and childcare are included
Ind Cl: women work more house per week than men very place in the world expect North America and Australia, but they also earn less than men everywhere.
2. In Africa, woman work harder than men because they work 67 hours per week, but men work only 53.
 In Africa, woman work harder than men because they work 67 hours per week but men work only 53.
Dep cl: because they work 67 hours per week but men work only 53.
Ind cl: woman work harder than men
3. Although Latin American women work 60 hours Latin men work only 54 and in Asia women work 62 hours to men’s 48.
 Although Latin American women work 60 hours, Latin men work only 54, and in Asia women work 62 hours to men’s 48.
Dep cl: Although Latin American women work 60 hours
Ind cl: - Latin men work only 54
- in Asia women work 62 hours to men’s 48.
4. Men in Western Europe work the least they put in only 43 hours per week although women average 48.
 Men in Western Europe work; the least they put in only 43 hours per week although women average 48.
Dep cl: although women average 48.
Ind cl: - Men in Western Europe work
- the least they put in only 43 hours per week
5. The report started that even when men’s working hours were reduced they used the extra time for leisure activities rather for housework or childcare.
 The report started that even when men’s working hours were reduced, they used the extra time for leisure activities rather for housework or childcare.
NOUN CLAUSE
1. That clauses: are made from statements and are introduced by the subordinator that. The word that is often omitted if the meaning is clear without it. A that-clause is composed of
That + subject + verb + complement
Ex: - He came to class late
 That clause: That he came to class late
 Complex sentence: He told me (that) he came to class late
- The Russian president and his wife told the press (that) they were enjoying their visit.
Practice 1: Complete the introductory clauses in the following sentences by adding a verb from the table and the subordinator that. Use a different verb in each sentence, and use passive voice verbs in sentences 4, 5, and 6.
1. Experts (chuyên gia) think that women learn language more easily than men do.
2. They say that a certain area of the brain controls language.
3. A recent study has showed that women have more brain cells in the language area than men do
4. In the report, it is claimed that (tuyên bố) women are not more intelligent than men just because they have more cells in the brain’s language area.
5. It proved that men and women have different abilities involving spatial tasks; for example, men can read maps more easy, but women can remember the location of objects better.
6. It declared that men are, in general, better at math and reasoning that woman.
Subjunctive Noun Clauses: After certain verbs and adjectives in a introductory clause, the verb in a that-clause is in the simple or base form, called the subjunctive. These verbs and adjectives indicate urgency, advisability, neccessity, and desirability. The verbs and adjectives requiring the subjunctive form in the that-clause include:
VERBS ADJECTIVES
advise direct recommend
ask insist suggest
command move urge
demand propose advisable important
essential urgent
necessary vital
Ex: The president of the United States suggested that Russia open its door to American business.
Practice 2: Background information: A three-year drought has caused a serious water shortage in the fictitious country of Sunnyland. As a result, Sunnyland government is proposing retrictions on water use.
Write complex sentences containing subjunctive noun clauses
STEP 1. Rewrite the question in each item as an introductory clause.
STEP 2. Rewrite the statement as a subjunctive noun clause.
STEP 3. Combine the two clauses to make a new sentence.
1. What did the government demand?
 The government demanded that each family reduce (giảm) it water use by 40 percent.
2. What is necessary?
All citizens must comply with the new restrictions
 It’s necessary that all citizens comply with the new restrictions.
3. What did the government propose for city-dwellers? (Cư dân thành phố)
Everyone must take five-minute showers.
 The government proposed for city-dwellers that everyone take five-minute showers.
4. What is advisable?
People should conserve water whenever possible.
 It is advisable that People should conserve water whenever possible.
5. What has been demanded of famers? (yêu cầu)
Farmers should cut their water use by 25 percent.
 It has been demanded that farmers cut their water use by 25 percent
6. What was suggest?
Every farmer should install a drip irrgation system. (hệ thống tưới nhỏ giọt)
 It was suggested that every farmer install a drip irrgation system
7. What did the governmen urge?
People must not use water to wash cars, sidewalks (vỉa hè), or streets.
 The government urged that people not use water to wash cars, sidewalks, or streets.
Write six original sentences with subjunctive noun clauses, using a different verb or adjective in the introductory clause in each sentence. (3 câu dùng động từ, 3 câu dùng tính từ)
1. People often say that becoming a teacher is very difficult.
2. Some people proved that teaching wasn’t easy.
3. He advised that I look for a part time job in café shop.
4. It’s necessary that I become a professional staff.
5. The boss demanded that his staffs complete the report immediately.
6. It is advisiable that I not be become a singer.
7. I have proved that the job I have chosen is very exciting.
8. I was disapointed that I failed to apply for a new job.
2. Wh-clauses: A wh-clause is a dependent noun clause in which the subordinator is a wh-word such as who, what, where, when, why, how much, how long, which, etc. A wh-word clause is composed of either.
Wh-word + subject + verb + complement
Or (when the wh-word and the subject of the clause are the same word)
Wh-word + verb + complement
Ex: - Do you know who the interpreter for the Russian leader was?
- The reporter asked which companies planned to do business in Russia.
Practice 3: Write new complex sentences containing wh-word clauses.
STEP 1. Rewite each question as a wh-word clause:
- Change the word order to SV statement word order if necessary.
- Delete do, does, or did.
STEP 2. Combine your new wh-word clause with the introductory clause to form a new complex sentence, and observe the sequence (tuân theo trình tự) of tenses rules.
1. Which company produces their CDs?
We asked the music store manage?
 Which company produced their CDs.
2. Where will their next concert be held? (tổ chức)
They will announce tomorrow
 Where their next concert will be held.
3. If/Whether clauses: are dependent noun clause that are formed from yes/no questions and are introduced by the subordinator whether or if. An if/whether-clause is composed of
Whether (if) + subject + verb + complement
Ex: - The question is whether (or not) American and European companies understand the Russian business environment (or not).
- No one knows if the experiment will succeed (or not).

ADVERBAL CLAUSE
1. Time Clauses: is introduced by the subordinators when(ever), while, as soon as, after, since, as, before, and until.
Ex: Whenever I had to speak in front of people, I was paralyzed by fear.
2. Place Clause: is introduced by the subordinators where (a definite place), wherever (anyplace), everywhere (everyplace), and anywhere (anyplace).
Ex: I saw unfriendly, critical faces everywhere I looked.
3. Manner, Distance, and Frequency Clauses: are introduced by as + adverb + as, as, as if / as though.
Ex: - I tried as hard as I could to calm myself.
- I tried to act as if I were not afraid.
4. Reason Clause: is introduced by the subordinators because, since, and as.
Ex: Since I need to make speeches for career advancement, I enrolled in a speech class.
5. Result Clause: is introduced by
so + adjective/adverb + that
such a(n) + noun phrase + that
so much/many + noun phrase + that
so little/few + noun phrase + that
Ex: - At first, making a speech made me so nervous that I got a stomachache before every class.
- During the semester, I made so many speeches that I lost some of my fear.
6. Purpose Clause (Mục đích): so that or in order that. The modals may/might, can/could, will/would, or have to usually occur in a purpose clause.
Ex: I took a speech class so that I could overcome my fear of public speaking.
7. Concession Clause (Nhượng bộ): although, even though, and though.
Ex: Even though I am a politician, I still don’t enjoy speaking in public.
8. Contrast (Direct Opposition) Clause: while, whereas.
Ex: As a child, I never tried out for school plays, whereas my best friend usually got a starring role.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (RELATIVE CLAUSES)
1. Relative Pronoun (S)
who
which
that
whose + N
Ex: He who live near by my home is a good IT engineer.

Relative Pronoun (O)
who
which
that
whose + N
Ex: I’m working in a factory whose main product the consumers highly appreciate.
O S Adv V
2. Possessive Relative Clauses
Whose + noun + verb + complement
Ex: Maya Angelou, whose poetry we have been reading in our English class, is one of America’s most famous female poets.
3. Relative Pronoun as Object of Preposition
Formal prep + who/which + S + V + C
The person to whom I mailed the letter never received it
Infomal who
which + S + V + C + Prep
that
The person whom I mailed the letter to never received it
4. Relative Pronoun in Phrases of Quantity (Số) and Quality (Chất)
Many of which
The oldest of whom
Ex: - While scuba diving in the Caribbean, I saw tropical fish, many of which I photographed with my new underwater camera.
- He has three daughters, the oldest of whom is studying abroad.
Some of
Two of
All of
Ex: The people, many of whom the company president has fived, are standing at the company’s gate.
most + adj
The more + adj of +
+ adj-est
+ adj-er
5. Relative adverbs: why, where, when
why
where +
when
Ex: - The reason why he got divorced to his wife is financial problem.
- I’m visiting the city where my love is living.
- I can’t forget the time (day/week) when I got married.